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focusing on the use of IP as the network protocol, although this technique can be applied to any network layer protocol (IP, IPX, among others) 371 Identifying Routing and Switching Basics and Possible Variations Before presenting MPLS s operational principles, let us first identify the new technical aspects it introduces Routers and switches perform two basic functions: forwarding and control Forwarding functions are performed for operations at level 3 (routing) or level 2 (switching) and for both connection-oriented and connectionless operation As an example, in routers the control function corresponds to the set of protocols and algorithms used to maintain the routing table Route calculation and updating are performed by well-known protocols, such as OSPF, intermediate system to intermediate system (IS-IS), and BPG, that calculate paths and determine reachability These protocols use different approaches with algorithms based on link-state or distance-vector information to define paths (routes) to destinations.

NOTE The link calculation is effected in view of an availability of 90% of the worst month. Taking into consideration realistic rain conditions on the uplinks and downlinks, a detailed balance calculation shows that this corresponds to include the rain attenuations shown below.

Typically in routers, a user process executing on the equipment s processor performs route calculation The forwarding in routers is independent from route calculation It corresponds to switching (routing) packets from input to output interfaces based on routing information available from the routing table The forwarding function uses the routing table maintained by control protocols The forwarding function in high-performance routers is typically executed by a piece of dedicated hardware (integrated function) as an attempt to increase the equipment s forwarding capacity In ATM switches the control function is also present The private network-to-network interface (PNNI) is an example of a control function performed in ATM switches The basic principle is about the same when compared with router operation In effect, PNNI controls and establishes virtual connections between ATM users.

(10.95)

Since the operation is connection-oriented, establishing virtual circuits (VCs) can take into consideration a great number of parameters and functionalities when choosing the path between ATM users VCs in ATM switches are typically established by a user process executing on the equipment s processor The forwarding function in ATM switches is independent from VC control and establishment In this function, ATM cells are switched between input and output ports based on previously assigned VC paths This function is normally executed in hardware in order to achieve the high performance required by ATM connections MPLS introduces a slight variation of the technical solutions just discussed In MPLS, the control and forward functions are performed according to the following schema: Routing protocols like OSPF and BGP are used in MPLS operation to calculate paths and establish reachability.

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Path control in MPLS follows a connection-oriented approach and uses a specific protocol (label distribution protocol (LDP)) to set adequately the MPLS labels along the path As in routers and switches, MPLS forwarding is independent from control and is based on MPLS labels The interesting point introduced in this schema is: Since MPLS uses a specific protocol to distribute labels (LDP), its operation can be independent of the technology used for for-.

According to the second method, you can call a JavaScript function. This function takes an object that is referenced by name as the argument. If you refer to the example given below and observe the playthefile() function that was used in the first method, you will notice that now the plug in object is referenced by its name.